درس 7


ردیف

واژه

معنی

نقش گرامری

1

stand up for/stænd ʌp fɔr/

دفاع کردن

فعل

2

call for/kɔl fɔr/

امر کردن

فعل

require  need  necessitate  make necessary  demand
be grounds for

3

come across/kʌm əˈkrɔs/

اتفاقی ملاقات کردن اتفاقی پیدا کردن، اتفاقی مواجه شدن

فعل

find by chance  meet by chance  meet up with  run into  run across

4

answer/ˈæn.sər/

پاسخ دادن جواب دادن

فعل

He put her answer down in his note book.
Alex didn't answer and it went to his voice mail, so she left a message.

reply  response  rejoinder  return  reaction
acknowledgement
retort

5

keep down/kip daʊn/

پایین نگه داشتن از افزایش جلوگیری کردن

فعل

6

look into/lʊk ˈɪntu/

(با دقت) بررسی کردن

فعل

investigate  explore  research  inquire about  make inquiries about

7

stand out/stænd aʊt/

یک سر و گردن بالاتر بودن بهتر بودن

فعل

project  stick out  bulge  bulge out  protrude

8

outnumber/aʊtˈnʌmbər/

بیشتر بودن (تعداد)

فعل

They outnumber the whites by 9 to 1.
The first savings bank was organized in 1873, and state banks now outnumber national banks.

9

overrated/ˌoʊvərˈreɪtɪd/

اغراق شده مبالغه شده، زیاد از حد تعریف و تمجید شده

صفت

The value of the Pahlavi interpretation was overrated by Spiegel„ Darmesteter, but wholly denied by Roth.
Lithium salts render the urine alkaline and are in virtue of their action diuretic. They are much prescribed for acute or chronic gout, and as a solvent to uric acid calculi or gravel, but their action as a solvent of uric acid has been certainly overrated, as it has been shown that the addition of medicinal doses of lithium to the blood serum does not increase the solubility of uric acid in it.

assess too highly  overestimate  overvalue  prize too highly  rate too highly

10

reawaken/ˌriːəˈweɪkən/

دوباره زنده کردن دوباره برانگیختن

فعل

Easter is the perfect time of year to reawaken your crafty side.
We hear the echoes in Jeremiah and Ezekiel and lastly in Haggai in ever feebler tones, and they were destined to reawaken in the Psalter (Pss.

11

misrepresent/ˌmɪsˌreprɪˈzent/

اشتباه بیان کردن بد جلوه دادن

فعل

Certainly neither had been taught to misrepresent for their own profit.
The phrase was not Blaine's, but his opponents made use of it to misrepresent his attitude toward the Roman Catholics, large numbers of whom are supposed, in consequence, to have withdrawn their support.

give a false account of  give a false idea of  misstate  misreport  misquote

12

underestimate/ˈʌndəˈrɛstəmət/

دست کم گرفتن

فعل

Do not underestimate our abilities.
Gentleman, do not underestimate me.

set too low  underrate
miscalculate  misjudge  judge incorrectly  estimate wrongly

13

prosocially/proʊˈsoʊʃəli/

به طرز جامعه‌دوستانه

قید

14

prematurely/ˌpriːməˈtʃʊrli/

زودهنگام زودتر از زمان مقرر، قبل از موعد

قید

The king was prematurely old, the Black Prince's health was broken.
The Greeks, advancing prematurely over broken ground and in no sort of order, were fallen upon in flank by d feat at Reshid's horsemen, and fled in panic terror.

too soon  too early  before the usual time  ahead of time  before one's time
preterm
rashly

15

devalue/ˌdiːˈvæljuː/

از ارزش پول کم کردن

فعل

Know for sure what you've got before you clean it, or you can devalue it by as much as 90 percent.
capability94, the Alliance has increasingly addressed the range of defense capabilities needed to devalue WMD proliferation and use.

belittle  depreciate  disparage  denigrate  decry

16

misjudge/ˌmɪsˈdʒʌdʒ/

اشتباه قضاوت کردن قضاوت غلط کردن

فعل

While the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal may be intense, do not misjudge how you feel.
misjudge the situation.

get the wrong idea about  get wrong  get the wrong end of the stick about  judge incorrectly  jump to the wrong conclusion about

17

rewrite/riːˈraɪt/

بازنویسی کردن

فعل

"I don't want to know what you did to rewrite the mating laws," Wynn said.
What kind of deal did she make with Darkyn to rewrite the mating laws of the time-before-time?

revise  recast  rework  reword  rephrase

18

undervalue/ˌʌndərˈvæljuː/

کم ارزش نمایاندن ناچیز شمردن، ارزش چیزی را کمتر از میزان واقعی برآورد کردن

فعل

A dealer may undervalue your used motorcycle.
undervalue the importance of having good artists.

underrate  set little store by  rate too low  think too little of  underestimate

19

prearrangement/ˌpriəˈreɪnʤmənt/

(هر چیز) از پیش تنظیم شده

اسم

20

illegible/ɪˈlɛʤəbəl/

ناخوانا

صفت

The inscription was partly illegible.
Two words are almost illegible, and the angular print slants in every direction.

unreadable  indecipherable  unintelligible  hard to read
scrawled  scribbled

21

inconvenient/ɪn.kənˈviːn.jənt/

زحمت‌آور بی‌موقع، نامناسب

صفت

awkward  difficult  unsuitable  inappropriate  troublesome

22

overcharge/ˈoʊvərˌʧɑrʤ/

گران حساب کردن (پول) زیاد گرفتن

فعل

These consumers report that their statements consistently arrived late, causing them to pay their charges late, resulting in overcharge fees.
While not bargains, they don't appear to overcharge either.

swindle  charge too much  cheat  defraud  gazump

23

outdoor/ˌɑʊtˈdɔːr/

بیرون بیرونی، بیرون از خانه

صفت

She's not the outdoor type.
The weather made outdoor activities unrealistic.

open air  out-of-doors  outside  exterior  external
exposed to the elements

24

above/əˈbʌv/

بالای

حرف اضافه

"Yuck," he said barely above a whisper.
His face was above hers, the blue eyes tender and searching.

over  higher than  higher up than  overlooking
on top of  atop

25

over/ˈoʊ.vər/

بر فراز بالای

حرف اضافه

He is famous all over the world.
What are you doing over here?

above  on top of  higher than  higher up than  atop
across

26

below/bɪˈləʊ/

زیر پایین

حرف اضافه

There were lots of pretty flowers down below but he kept driving.
The dealers stuck below are flipping out.

beneath  under  underneath  further down than  lower than
less than

27

under/ˈʌn.dər/

زیر تحت

حرف اضافه

Then the horse bunched up under him.
She limped after him, muttering under her breath.

beneath  below  underneath  at the bottom of  at the foot of
less than

28

beneath/bɪˈniθ/

(در) زیر (در) پایین، تحت

حرف اضافه

He was pale beneath the golden skin.
She burrowed even deeper beneath his arm.

under  underneath  below  at the foot of  at the bottom of
lower than
inferior to

29

off/ɔːf/

دور (شدن)

حرف اضافه

I think I scared about ten years off my life too.
Thank you for getting me off the hook.

away  to a distance  from here  from there
away  absent

30

away/əˈweɪ/

دور

قید

One wicked witch named Mombi stole him and carried him away, keeping him as a prisoner.
"Take that stuff away!" he commanded.

off  from here  from there
at a distance  apart  isolated
aside

31

in/ɪn/

در درون، داخل، توی

حرف اضافه

He was such a wonderful person in so many ways.
Nurturing was in his personality.

inside  within  in the middle of  within the bounds of  within the confines of
surrounded by

32

inside/ɪnˈsɑɪd/

داخل درون

حرف اضافه

interior  inner part  inner side  inner surface
centre  core

33

into/ˈɪn.tuː/

(به) داخل (به) درون، توی

حرف اضافه

Jonathan came into the room, fully dressed.
The little fellow ran into the street.

34

on/ɔːn/

بر روی

حرف اضافه

"Alex tells me you have some nice horses on your ranch," Carmen said to Señor Medena.
A warm hand rested on her waist.

supported by  resting on  in contact with
on to
functioning  in operation  working

35

on top of/ɑn tɑp ʌv/

بر روی در بالای

حرف اضافه

36

top/tɑːp/

بالا

اسم

You're already at the top of your class.
He straddled a chair and leaned his arms across the top of it while he sipped his coffee.

summit  peak  pinnacle  crest  crown

37

onto/ˈɔːn.tu/

به (روی)

حرف اضافه

She climbed onto the vehicle and settled on the soft cushion.
He tossed the hourglass onto a chair.

38

upon/əˈpɑn/

روی

حرف اضافه

"I will handle her upon my return," he said.
He stooped and picked up a bird's nest that had fallen upon the ground.

39

outside/ɑʊtˈsɑɪd/

بیرون خارج

حرف اضافه

Felipa said it was supposed to be nice outside today.
Back outside, she headed for the barn.

external surface  outer surface  surface  exterior  outer side

40

out/ɑʊt/

بیرون خارج

قید

Carmen held out a hand.
In spite of her decision not to, she glanced out the window.

not here  not at home  not in  gone away  away

41

out of/ˈɑʊt̬.əv/

خارج از

حرف اضافه

42

across/əˈkrɑs/

آن سو آن طرف

حرف اضافه

Could she make it across the lava field by herself?
A slow smile worked its way across his face and into his eyes.

to the other side of  from one side of … to the other  over  throughout the expanse of  throughout the width of

43

across/əˈkrɑs/

از عرض از این سو به آن سو

قید

Could she make it across the lava field by herself?
A slow smile worked its way across his face and into his eyes.

to the other side of  from one side of … to the other  over  throughout the expanse of  throughout the width of

44

through/θruː/

از میان از وسط

حرف اضافه

He ran a hand through his hair.
She ran a comb through her hair, deciding not to re-braid the top part.

into and out of  to the far side of  to the other side of  from one side of … to the other  from end to end of

45

along/əˈlɑŋ/

در امتداد

حرف اضافه

down  throughout the length of  from one end of … to the other  through  across
beside

46

along/əˈlɑŋ/

حوالی

قید

down  throughout the length of  from one end of … to the other  through  across
beside

47

past/pæst/

فراتر

حرف اضافه

They had to move forward, and leave the past behind them.
He brushed past her.

gone by  over  over and done with  no more  gone

48

around/əˈrɑʊnd/

دور اطراف

حرف اضافه

He put an arm around her waist and kissed her cheek.
Turning the truck around, he headed back down the drive.

on every side  on all sides  in all directions  throughout  all over

49

to/tu/

به

حرف اضافه

You've been to Australia, haven't you?
They have got to live a man's life, pushing all these things before them, and get on as well as they can.

50

around/əˈrɑʊnd/

اطراف

قید

He put an arm around her waist and kissed her cheek.
Turning the truck around, he headed back down the drive.

on every side  on all sides  in all directions  throughout  all over

51

toward/tɔːrd/

به سوی به طرف

حرف اضافه

He took a step toward her.
As they continued toward the house, he cleared his throat.

in the direction of  to  toward  so as to approach  so as to near
on the way to

52

in/ɪn/

به داخل

قید

He was such a wonderful person in so many ways.
Nurturing was in his personality.

inside  within  in the middle of  within the bounds of  within the confines of
surrounded by

53

at/æt/

در (مکان) داخل (مکان)

حرف اضافه

A few minutes later they all marched in and took their places at the table.
At any rate, today was no different.

54

heated/ˈhitəd/

پر جوش و خروش داغ، جنجالی

صفت

He left the basement and entered the heated first floor.
They exchanged a heated look so intense Kiera blushed.

made warm  made hot  warmed up
reheated
hot  piping hot
vehement  passionate

55

debate/dəˈbeɪt/

مناظره بحث

اسم

See you at the debate tomorrow.
And that debate ended overnight.

discussion  exchange of views  discourse  parley
argument  dispute

56

gain/geɪn/

به دست آوردن جمع کردن، کسب کردن

فعل

All they gain is a sense of contributing.
My loss is your gain, Josh.

obtain  get  acquire  come by  procure

57

reputation/ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən/

آوازه اعتبار، شهرت، خوشنامی

اسم

His reputation for being rough on rookies was well earned.
The reputation of his learning led Majorianus to treat him with the greatest respect.

name  good name  character  repute  standing

58

outrageous/ɑʊtˈreɪ.dʒəs/

زننده ظالمانه

صفت

Was it so outrageous to think that he might actually want to be near her?
Was he mocking her, or did he think she was naive enough to believe his outrageous flattery?

shocking  disgraceful  scandalous  atrocious  appalling

59

deranged/dɪˈreɪndʒd/

آشفته پریشان خاطر

صفت

the Prussian intervention deranged the symmetry of Napoleon's battle-array.
17, 1786) completely deranged the balance of power in Europe.

insane  mad  of unsound mind  out of one's mind  not in one's right mind

60

gaze/geɪz/

خیره شدن زل زدن، چشم دوختن

فعل

His gaze shifted away from her.
Alex shifted a faintly amused gaze to Carmen.

stare  look fixedly  look vacantly  look  take a good look

61

smirk/smɜːrk/

پوزخند زدن

فعل

Jackson gave Elisabeth an 'I told you so' smirk, then blew her a kiss.
He sauntered down Main Street, the hint of a self-satisfied smirk playing across full, pink lips.

smile smugly, simper, snigger
leer
smicker, smirtle

62

unfounded/ənˈfaʊndɪd/

بی‌اساس بی‌پایه

صفت

Her concerns were unfounded, as usual.
The last few months of his life were spent in the exemplary discharge of his archiepiscopal duties; but a not altogether unfounded suspicion that he had invoked the assistance of Francis if not of Charles V.

groundless  baseless  unsubstantiated  unproven  unsupported

63

flock/flɑk/

دسته دسته رفتن فوج فوج رفتن

فعل

The men hurried down and soon saw that the flock was a large one.
All four, like a flock of scared birds, got up and left the room.

herd  drove  fold
group  flight  congregation
crowd

64

spark/spɑːrk/

برانگیختن منجر شدن

فعل

flash  flicker  flare  glint  twinkle

65

gear/gɪr/

تنظیم کردن هدف قرار دادن

فعل

I guess your gear is back in your car.
I'll just leave most of my ice climbing gear in the car.

gearwheel  toothed wheel  cog  cogwheel
gear ratio  speed
mechanism

66

draw the line/drɔ ðə laɪn/

محدوده تعیین کردن حد مشخص کردن، دور چیزی خط کشیدن (مجازی)

عبارت

67

heavy-handed/ˈhɛvi-ˈhændəd/

ستمگرانه بی‌رحمانه، ظالمانه، سرکوبگر

صفت

heavy-handed approach.
heavy-handed attempts at irony.

clumsy  awkward  maladroit  unhandy  all thumbs

68

pave the way/peɪv ðə weɪ/

راه را هموار کردن کار را برای کاری یا کسی آسان کردن

عبارت

69

steer clear/stɪr klɪr/

دوری کردن فاصله گرفتن

عبارت

70

vent/vɛnt/

خشم یا دق دلی سر کسی خالی کردن

فعل

There was one vent in the ceiling, not large enough for her hand let alone her body.
He hung up before the Deans could vent their frustration.

outlet  inlet  opening  aperture  vent hole



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