درس 9


ردیف

واژه

معنی

نقش گرامری

1

tolerance/ˈtɑlərəns/

تحمل طاقت، مقاومت

اسم

Do that and you have to start building tolerance all over again.
He also advocated tolerance towards the dissenters.

forbearance  toleration  sufferance  liberality  open-mindedness

2

belief/bɪˈliːf/

باور اعتقاد، عقیده

اسم

I was relieved beyond belief and nearly in tears.
What she's telling me is beyond belief and yet I know this ability exists.

opinion  view  viewpoint  point of view  attitude

3

politically/pəˈlɪtɪkli/

از لحاظ سیاسی سیاسی

قید

Politically the Rhine has always played a great part.
He left office politically and financially a ruined man.

4

up to/ʌp tu/

مشغول کاری بودن در حال انجام کاری بودن، مشغول کاری مشکوک بودن

عبارت

5

moderate/ˈmɑdərət/

میانه‌رو (امور سیاسی یا مذهبی) متعادل

صفت

Ears of moderate or small size, ovate, pointed.
GALVANIZED IRON, sheet iron having its surface covered with a thin coating of zinc. In spite of the name, galvanic action has often no part in the production of galvanized iron, which is prepared by dipping the iron, properly cleaned and pickled in acid, in a bath of molten zinc. The hotter the zinc the thinner the coating, but as a high temperature of the bath is attended with certain objections, it is a common practice to use a moderate temperature and clear off the excess of zinc by passing the plates between rollers.

average  modest  medium  middling  ordinary

6

public/ˈpʌblɪk/

عمومی عموم، دولتی

صفت

It's all public record.
I'm beginning to despise public officials.

state  national  federal  government
constitutional  democratic

7

social/ˈsoʊ.ʃəl/

اجتماعی جمعی

صفت

I'm not much of a social person I guess.
She works with social services.

communal  community  community-based  collective  group

8

current/ˈkɜr.ənt/

فعلی جاری، کنونی

صفت

The current balance owed was over four hundred dollars.
This is the current battle situation.

contemporary  present-day  present  contemporaneous  ongoing
topical

9

occasion/əˈkeɪ.ʒən/

مناسبت رویداد

اسم

He was excited to see her dressed up for the occasion.
Moulds have been isolated which occasion the formation of citric acid from glucose.

instance  time  moment  juncture  point
event

10

reactionary/riˈækʃəˌnɛri/

واپسگرا محافظه‌کار، سنت‌گرا

اسم

Under the Restoration he became a peer of France, but protested against the reactionary spirit of the government, and remained in opposition.
He was left in the hands of reactionary boyars and priests, who encouraged him to hate his father and wish for the death of the tsar-antichrist.

right-wing  conservative  rightist  ultra-conservative  ultra-right

11

persuade/pərˈsweɪd/

قانع کردن مجاب کردن

فعل

How did you persuade Mother to agree to this?
He would not listen to anyone who tried to persuade him to stay at home.

prevail on  talk someone into  coax  convince  make

12

suicide/ˈsuː.əˌsɑɪd/

خودکشی

اسم

The suicide note cut off any reason for investigation.
There are only four possibilities—accident, suicide, murder or skip.

self-destruction  taking one's own life  self-murder  self-slaughter  felo de se
self-immolation
suttee
hara-kiri

13

active/ˈæk.tɪv/

فعال

صفت

It's still active but it goes to voice mail.
There's an active cult in the area.

operative  working  functioning  functional  operating

14

earn/ɜrn/

(پول) در آوردن درآمد داشتن

فعل

I did not earn it.
Janet says I got to earn my keep.

be paid  receive a salary of  take home  take home earnings of  gross
receive

15

contribute/kənˈtrɪbjut/

تاثیر داشتن دخیل بودن

فعل

You all contribute to what we're doing.
I want someone who can contribute intelligent conversation, not grovel at my feet.

give  donate  give a donation of  make a donation of  put up

16

corruption/kəˈrʌpʃən/

فساد تباهی

اسم

He substituted cunning and corruption for violence.
The era of fractured power and corruption is about to end.

dishonesty  dishonest dealings  unscrupulousness  deceit  deception

17

catch up/kæʧ ʌp/

گفتگو کردن اطلاعات تازه بدست آوردن، به کسی اطلاعات تازه دادن

فعل

18

investment/ɪnˈvestmənt/

سرمایه‌گذاری

اسم

investing  speculation
expenditure  outlay  funding  backing

19

dictatorship/dɪkˈteɪtərˌʃɪp/

حکومت استبدادی نظام دیکتاتوری

اسم

This dictatorship of Rosas continued until 1852.
Sulla's dictatorship was the form taken by a provisional government.

totalitarian state  autocracy  autarchy  monocracy
dystopia
absolute rule  undemocratic rule

20

decriminalize/diˌkrɪmənəˈlaɪz/

جرم‌زدایی کردن قانونی کردن

فعل

21

favor/ˈfeɪ.vər/

پسندیدن موافقت کردن، موافق بودن

فعل

Sounds like a favor to me.
Do me a favor and don't listen to Dulce.

good turn  service  kind act  good deed  act of kindness

22

preventable/prɪˈvɛntəbəl/

قابل پیشگیری قابل جلوگیری

صفت

Collisions, on the other hand, are preventable, and derailments nearly so, and the records of deaths and injuries in this class in successive years are therefore justly taken as an index to the efficiency with which the railways are managed.
Most actions that result in wounds are preventable.

23

election/ɪˈlek.ʃən/

انتخابات

اسم

The election is weeks off.
I'm running for election against this guy.

ballot  vote  poll  referendum  plebiscite

24

view/vjuː/

نظر عقیده، دیدگاه

اسم

You have a nice view from your apartment.
He came into view and moved around the punching bag.

outlook  prospect  panorama  vista  scene

25

superior/suˈpɪriər/

عالی فوق العاده، برتر

صفت

They were both becoming accustomed to their superior strength and heightened senses.
As a horsemaster he was far superior to Murat.

higher-ranking  higher-level  senior  higher  higher-up

26

crime/kraɪm/

جرم جنایت

اسم

You're not accused of any crime so I'm not harboring any fugitives.
We won't go anywhere near the crime scene; ever.

offence  unlawful act  illegal act  breach of the law  infraction of the law

27

leader/ˈliːdər/

رهبر

اسم

A good leader makes a good team the best, as my father says.
He is not a leader, but a follower.

chief  head  principal  boss
commander  captain
figurehead

28

bombing/ˈbɑm.ɪŋ/

بمباران

اسم

The bombing of the town of Randolph stopped an hour before dawn.
Many academics appeared complacent about the ongoing bombing of Afghanistan, while others viewed it with cheerful approval.

explosive  incendiary device  incendiary  device
missile  projectile

29

frustrated/ˈfrʌˌstreɪtəd/

درمانده مستاصل، نا امید

صفت

I'm so frustrated right now.
He should have been feeling frustrated and confused.

thwart  defeat  foil  block  stop

30

peaceful/ˈpiːs.fəl/

صلح‌آمیز مسالمت‌آمیز

صفت

It was so peaceful here.
It was so peaceful out here - like another world.

tranquil  calm  restful  pleasant  quiet

31

promote/prəˈmoʊt/

ترویج دادن ترفیع دادن، ترقی دادن، تشویق کردن

فعل

His conduct of affairs was by earnest efforts to promote education and to develop the resources of the country.
In Sir Benjamin D'Urban Philip found a governor anxious to promote the interests of the natives.

advance  upgrade  give promotion to  give a higher position to  elevate

32

deserve/dɪˈzɜrv/

سزاوار بودن لایق بودن

فعل

I don't deserve someone like you.
You deserve just as much.

merit  earn  warrant  rate  justify

33

abstract/ˈæbstrækt/

انتزاعی آبستره (نقاشی)

صفت

They had no abstract ideas; in their minds all was concrete, visible and tangible.
His abstract submission met the deadline.

theoretical  conceptual  notional  intellectual  metaphysical

34

inexperienced/ˌɪn.ɪkˈspɪr.iː.ənst/

بی تجربه خام

صفت

To her imaginative and inexperienced mind, it was obvious that he was doing their homework.
Did he know the men were inexperienced riders?

inexpert  unpractised  lacking experience  untrained  untutored

35

unfairly/ʌnˈfer.li/

ناعادلانه

قید

Some feel it is unfairly intrusive.
The Germans complain that in many cases the government acted very unfairly to them.

36

mean/miːn/

منظور داشتن

فعل

I didn't mean to scare you.
"What does that mean?" asked the Princess.

signify  convey  denote  designate  indicate

37

Holocaust/ˈhɑləˌkɔst/

هولوکاست همه‌سوزی، کشتار دسته‌جمعی و نسل‌کشی

اسم

cataclysm  disaster  catastrophe  destruction  devastation

38

unavoidable/ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl/

اجتناب‎ناپذیر

صفت

reelable thread, and in joining the ends, there is unavoidable waste.
He takes the frost that winter inflicts and the fever that summer brings as unavoidable visitors.

inescapable  inevitable  bound to happen  sure to happen  unpreventable

39

sensible/ˈsensəbl/

معقول معقولانه، عاقل، منطقی

صفت

That's the first sensible thing you've said in a long time.
Kuragin was much more sensible and simple with women than among men.

practical  realistic  responsible  full of common sense  reasonable

40

literate/ˈlɪtərət/

باسواد

صفت

Kids on the edge of adolescence are more and more computer literate.
I particularly abhor the sloppiness that even literate people exhibit when writing an email message. 

able to read and write
educated  well educated  well read  widely read  scholarly

41

mark/mɑrk/

علامت گذاری کردن علامت گذاشتن، مشخص کردن

فعل

blemish  streak  spot  fleck  dot

42

death penalty/dɛθ ˈpɛnəlti/

مجازات اعدام (قانون)

اسم

43

non-governmental/nɑn-ˈgʌvərˌmɛntəl/

غیردولتی

صفت

For some time now, governments and non-governmental organizations in the region have been taking measures at local and national levels to combat desertification.
After Beira elected former the rebel Renamo Party in 2003, the BLB began working primarily with non-governmental organizations (NGOs ).

44

hunger/ˈhʌŋ.gər/

گرسنگی

اسم

He grew weak from hunger and thirst.
Her hunger and thirst satisfied, she was getting sleepy again.

lack of food  need for food  hungriness  ravenousness  emptiness
starvation

45

radical/ˈrædəkəl/

افراطی تندرو، افراط‌گرایانه

صفت

Since 1870 there have been five radical changes made in New South Wales.
History is full of radical breaks with the past that only seem to have come out of nowhere but were, in fact, predictable.

thoroughgoing  thorough  complete  total  entire

46

powerless/ˈpaʊərləs/

ناتوان عاجز

صفت

"So you think he is powerless?" said Langeron.
The walk calmed his irritation at being powerless for the first time since the Schism.

impotent  helpless  without power  ineffectual  inadequate

47

police officer/pəˈliːsˌɑ.fə.sər/

مامور پلیس افسر

اسم

policeman  policewoman  officer of the law  law enforcement agent  law enforcement officer

48

military service/ˈmɪləˌtɛri ˈsɜrvəs/

خدمت سربازی خدمت نظامی

اسم

49

media/ˈmidiə/

رسانه

اسم

All forms of online media are exploding in a similar fashion.
Autocrats can hold power indefinitely if they control the media, the military, business, the money, and information.

means of communication  means of expression  mode of expression  means  method

50

massacre/ˈmæsəkər/

قتل عام کشتار

اسم

Memories of the massacre made bile rise and her chest clench.
Palestrina) and then marched upon Rome, where again, just before his defeat of Marius, there had been a great massacre of his adherents, in which the learned jurist Q.

slaughter  wholesale slaughter  mass slaughter  wholesale killing  indiscriminate killing
murder

51

realistic/ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/

واقع‌بین واقع‌بینانه

صفت

For some reason, he experienced a very realistic vision.
You're supposed to be taking care of me, but that isn't realistic 100% of the time, is it?

practical  pragmatic  matter-of-fact  down-to-earth  sensible

52

cause/kɔːz/

علت دلیل

اسم

Was that the cause of the tension?
He probably hasn't had any cause to speak French.

source  root  origin  beginning  beginnings

53

candidate/ˈkændədeɪt/

نامزد کاندیدا

اسم

In 1 9 05 he was Democratic candidate for mayor of New York on the Municipal Ownership ticket, and four years later on the Independence League ticket; in 1906 he was candidate for governor of New York on the Democratic and Independence League tickets, in every instance being defeated.
After a few words of greeting, each candidate was directed to stand on either side of the raised platform.

applicant  job applicant  job-seeker  prospective employee
contender  contestant

54

liberal/ˈlɪbərəl/

روشن‌فکرانه آزاداندیش، خالی از تعصب، لیبرال

صفت

Lori's past was a little too liberal for such a conservative family.
The waitress topped off our pasta dishes with a liberal amount of parmesan cheese.

tolerant  unprejudiced  unbigoted  broad-minded  open-minded

55

take part/teɪk pɑrt/

شرکت کردن نقش داشتن

فعل

participate  join in  get involved  enter  go in for something

56

controversial/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl/

بحث‌برانگیز مشاجره‌انگیز

صفت

The nasty field that dissolved any type of biological entity was one of the government's latest controversial creations.
As a religious teacher, literary critic, historian and jurist, Mr Harrison took a prominent part in the life of his time, and his writings, though often violently controversial on political and social subjects, and in their judgment and historical perspective characterized by a modern Radical point of view, are those of an accomplished scholar, and of one whose wide knowledge of literature was combined with independence of thought and admirable vigour of style.

contentious  disputed  contended  at issue  moot

57

conservative/kənˈsɜrvətɪv/

محافظه‌کار

اسم

Pete was conservative with his praise, so she felt honored.
After purchasing a conservative blouse and jeans of quality, she moved on to a less crowded grocery store than the budget one she usually used.

right-wing  reactionary  traditionalist  unprogressive  establishmentarian

58

bribe/braɪb/

رشوه

اسم

The world could not bribe him.
I thought we could try to bribe Skippy with them.

buy off  pay off  suborn  give an inducement to  corrupt
grease someone's palm

59

science/ˈsɑɪ.əns/

علم

اسم

Does any section of science consider time travel a possibility?
Groups of people will do science this same way.

branch of knowledge  body of facts  body of information  body of knowledge  area of study

60

property/ˈprɑpərti/

دارایی ملک، مایملک

اسم

Martha inherited the property from her grandfather.
Property ownership certainly had its problems.

possessions  belongings  things  goods  worldly goods

61

lower/ˈloʊər/

کاهش دادن کم کردن، پایین آوردن

فعل

She bit her lower lip.
She rubbed a sore spot in her lower back.

bottom  bottommost  under  underneath  further down

62

no matter what/noʊ ˈmætər wʌt/

به هر صورت تحت هر شرایطی، هر طور شده

قید

63

series/ˈsɪr.iːz/

سلسله زنجیره، سری، مجموعه

اسم

After a series of clicks, the lieutenant barked into the phone.
All our earlier actions were a series of what ifs.

sequence  succession  string  chain  concatenation

64

disagree/dɪsəˈgri/

مخالفت کردن

فعل

If we disagree, we do so privately.
Do you honestly think the kids don't know you disagree about it?

fail to agree  be in contention  be in dispute  be at odds  be at variance

65

human rights/ˌhjuː.mənˈrɑɪts/

حقوق بشر

اسم

66

neither/ˈniː.ðər/

هیچ یک هیچ کدام (از دوتا)

ضمیر

Neither of the children seemed concerned about the flight, though.
Neither of them had a clue what was on her mind.

67

conservative/kənˈsɜrvətɪv/

محافظه‌کارانه سنت‌گرایانه

صفت

Pete was conservative with his praise, so she felt honored.
After purchasing a conservative blouse and jeans of quality, she moved on to a less crowded grocery store than the budget one she usually used.

right-wing  reactionary  traditionalist  unprogressive  establishmentarian

68

politely/pəˈlaɪt.li/

مودبانه

قید

She politely asked her mother for permission, which was granted.
Prince Andrew rose and politely placed a chair for her.

69

act/ækt/

عمل کار

اسم

He did not act as if it was bothering him.
Act like nothing is wrong.

take action  take steps  take measures  take the initiative  move

70

art/ɑːrt/

هنر

اسم

Last week I visited a beautiful art store.
Yes, we are a long line of art lovers.

fine art  artwork  creative activity
skill  craft  technique
aptitude

71

care/ker/

اهمیت دادن

فعل

He had been taking care of her for nearly a year now.
We'll take care of them together.

safe keeping  supervision  custody  charge  protection

72

agricultural/ˌægrəˈkʌlʧərəl/

کشاورزی زراعتی

صفت

The town has large cattle markets and an agricultural trade.
They naturally take their rise among an agricultural folk.

farm  farming  agrarian
rural  countryside  country

73

ban/bæn/

قدغن کردن تحریم کردن، ممنوع کردن

فعل

They may try to ban you from day trading given the current climate.
That the encouragement of the Slav aspirations was soon deliberately adopted as a weapon against the Hungarian government was due, partly to the speedy predominance at Pest of Kossuth and the extreme party of which he was the mouthpiece, but mainly to the calculated policy of Baron Jellachich, who on the 14th of April was appointed ban of Croatia.

prohibit  forbid  veto  proscribe  disallow

74

income/ˈɪnkʌm/

درآمد

اسم

This income will not be regarded as welfare.
He had a good income and access to his father's equipment.

earnings  salary  pay  remuneration  wages

75

register/ˈredʒ.ɪ.stər/

ثبت نام کردن ثبت کردن

فعل

You'll help Julie to register Molly at the Keene school while I make the plane reservation.
It took a moment for her to register the truth.

official list  listing  roll  roster  index

76

propose/prəˈpoʊz/

پیشنهاد کردن مطرح کردن، ارایه کردن

فعل

How do you propose to stop her?
What do you propose to do about the house?

put forward  suggest  advance  offer  present

77

speeding/ˈspiːdɪŋ/

سرعت غیرمجاز رانندگی پرسرعت

اسم

She was getting a little dehydrated, so they were speeding up the IV.
She fled around him and into the car, locking the doors and speeding away from the cottage.

rate  pace  tempo  momentum
rapidity  swiftness

78

urge/ɜːrdʒ/

اصرار کردن ترغیب کردن، مجبور کردن

فعل

encourage  try to persuade  enjoin  adjure  admonish

79

crazy/ˈkreɪ.zi/

دیوانه‎وار بی‎وقفه

صفت

The idea is as crazy as the rest of this business!
As soon as the signal to walk flashed, she put some distance between her and the crazy woman.

mad  insane  out of one's mind  deranged  demented

80

threaten/ˈθret.ən/

تهدید کردن

فعل

to threaten him with a hundred strokes of the halberd.
Did he threaten you?

menace  intimidate  browbeat  bully  cow

81

basic/ˈbeɪ.sɪk/

اصلی اساسی

صفت

I don't want to deny you such a basic need.
The lava is a basic augiteandesite.

fundamental  rudimentary  primary  principal  cardinal

82

independent/ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dənt/

مستقل

صفت

I'd like space to do some independent experiments too.
Lori was certainly independent – and ambitious.

self-governing  self-legislating  self-determining  sovereign  autonomous

83

constitutional/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl/

مطابق قانون اساسی وابسته به قانون اساسی

صفت

The constitutional history of Aegina is unusually simple.
It is, however, to be noticed that absolute monarchies are confined to the east of Europe and to Asia, Japan being the only established constitutional monarchy east of the Carpathians.

legal  lawful  legitimate  licit  authorized

84

reactionary/riˈækʃəˌnɛri/

ارتجاعی واکنشی

صفت

Under the Restoration he became a peer of France, but protested against the reactionary spirit of the government, and remained in opposition.
He was left in the hands of reactionary boyars and priests, who encouraged him to hate his father and wish for the death of the tsar-antichrist.

right-wing  conservative  rightist  ultra-conservative  ultra-right

85

wealthy/ˈwɛlθi/

ثروتمند پولدار، غنی

صفت

I think he's wealthy... his house is beautiful.
Is he as wealthy as you?

rich  affluent  moneyed  cash rich  well off

86

agency/ˈeɪdʒənsi/

نمایندگی آژانس

اسم

The Internet has no central planning agency deciding what new, cool websites should be made.
From 1639 to 1768 there was an agency of the Levant Company here; there is now a British consul.

business  organization  company  firm  office

87

law/lɔ/

قانون علم حقوق، حقوق

اسم

In contrast, courts of law apply the law to everyone.
But the law of history relates to man.

rules and regulations  system of laws  body of laws  constitution  legislation

88

commit/kəˈmɪt/

مرتکب شدن صورت گرفتن (جرم)

فعل

She was admitting to a crime she didn't commit, knowing it was her son who did it.
Before you commit to a number, think of this.

carry out  do  perform  perpetrate  engage in

89

powerlessness/ˈpaʊərləsnəs/

ناتوانی ضعف، عدم توانایی

اسم

Nothing points more to the helplessness of the natives' condition than their powerlessness against these foes.
The result was a cabinet, strong much beyond the average in its individual members, but weak to powerlessness in the diversity of its composition.

impotent  helpless  without power  ineffectual  inadequate

90

prejudice/ˈprɛʤədɪs/

تعصب تبعیض

اسم

The police do not want to prejudice an investigation.
There was prejudice in the workplace culminating in her resignation a year ago.

preconceived idea  preconception  preconceived notion
prejudgement
bigotry  bias  partisanship

91

radical/ˈrædəkəl/

تندرو افراط‌گرا، رادیکال

اسم

Since 1870 there have been five radical changes made in New South Wales.
History is full of radical breaks with the past that only seem to have come out of nowhere but were, in fact, predictable.

thoroughgoing  thorough  complete  total  entire

92

raise/reɪz/

افزایش دادن بالا بردن

فعل

I can raise the baby...
It looks like a fine place to raise children.

lift  lift up  raise aloft  elevate
uplift  upraise

93

horribly/ˈhɔrəbli/

به‌شدت بسیار، به طور وحشتناک

قید

His enemies in the army, chiefly the horsemen, reached Syracuse before him, plundered his house, and horribly maltreated his wife.
"Oh yes, it is horribly stupid," said Pierre.

94

global/ˈɡloʊbl/

جهانی

صفت

All this will happen eventually, I believe, even if global hunger policy were not to change one iota.
Satellite imagery gives a global perspective on the ozone hole.

worldwide  international  world  intercontinental
universal
comprehensive  overall

95

nation/ˈneɪ.ʃən/

کشور ملت

اسم

It was purchased for the nation in 1892.
He was the only king of Bohemia who belonged to that nation, and the only one who was not a Roman Catholic.

country  state  land  sovereign state  nation state

96

wipe out/waɪp aʊt/

با خاک یکسان کردن محو کردن، به طور کامل نابود کردن

فعل

97

campaign/kæmˈpeɪn/

کمپین پویش، مبارزه

اسم

If I'm going to be your campaign manager, leave the business to me.
I'd better get my campaign manager cracking.

military operation  military operations  manoeuvre  manoeuvres
offensive  attack

98

meet/miːt/

رسیدگی کردن برآورده کردن، برطرف کردن

فعل

It's nice to meet you both.
I want you to get your things and meet me at the mission.

encounter  meet up with  come face to face with  make contact with  run across

99

remind/rɪˈmaɪnd/

یادآوری کردن

فعل

I just need you to remind Darian of something.
You remind me of her sometimes.

jog someone's memory  refresh someone's memory  help someone remember  cause someone to remember
prompt  nudge

100

intend/ɪnˈtend/

قصد داشتن نیت کردن، منظور داشتن

فعل

Surely he didn't intend to be verbally invisible the entire visit.
You intend to stay out there - alone with him?

plan  mean  have every intention  have the intention  have in mind

101

offense/əˈfens/

توهین دلخوری

اسم

You may take offense or not but I always stick to mother truth.
Just two of us.  Um, no offense, but I think you and I should go.

crime  illegal act  unlawful act  misdemeanour  breach of the law

102

innocent/ˈɪn.ə.sənt/

معصوم بی‌گناه

صفت

The children are so innocent they will believe anything I tell them.
He was the same as ever, but the feverish color of his face, his glittering eyes rapturously turned toward her, and especially his neck, delicate as a child's, revealed by the turn-down collar of his shirt, gave him a peculiarly innocent, childlike look, such as she had never seen on him before.

guiltless  guilt-free  not guilty  blameless  not to blame

103

non-government/nɑn-ˈgʌvərmənt/

غیردولتی

صفت

international non-government organizations were driven out of the country.
The special secondary institutions, distinct from those already reckoned under the universities and allied schools, include an Oriental institute at Naples with 243 pupils; 34 schools of agriculture with (1904-1905) 1925 students; 2 schools of mining (at Caltanisetta and Iglesias) with (1904-1905) 83 students; 308 industrial and commercial schools with (1903-1904) 46,411 students; 174 schools of design and moulding with (1898) 12,556 students; 13 government fine art institutes (1904-1905) with 2778 students and 13 nongovernment with 1662 students; 5 government institutes of music with 1026 students, and 51 non-government with 4109 pupils (1904-1905).

104

principle/ˈprɪnsəpəl/

اصل مبنا

اسم

Why couldn't Katie understand that there was a principle involved?
The basic principle was that those who worked hard would be rewarded.

truth  proposition  concept  idea  theory

105

UNICEF/ˈjunəˌsɛf/

یونیسف صندوق کودکان ملل متحد

اسم

UNICEF has said a program that gives children two large doses a year of vitamin A could all but eliminate VAD, although more frequent, smaller doses would be better.
Unfortunately for Sting, he should have done a little fact checking, because UNICEF said that they did not back such a concert.

106

make a difference/meɪk ə ˈdɪfərəns/

تاثیر مثبت گذاشتن تغییر مثبت ایجاد کردن

عبارت

107

govern/ˈgʌvərn/

حکومت کردن (سیاست) اداره کردن، کنترل کردن (شهر و کشور و ...)

فعل

Money shouldn't govern your decision.
He always tried to govern his thinking by logic.

rule  preside over  be in power over  reign over  control

108

entire/enˈtɑɪr/

تمام

صفت

She had enough for the entire family.
I thought about it for the entire night.

whole  complete  total  full
continuous  unbroken

109

citizen/ˈsɪt̬.ə.zən/

شهروند تبعه

اسم

You're a private citizen in a few days.
I'm not a citizen of the county, so I can't vote for you.

subject  national  passport holder  native
taxpayer  voter
inhabitant

110

come up/kʌm ʌp/

فرا رسیدن

فعل

arise  present itself  occur  happen  come about

111

reason/ˈriː.zən/

دلیل توجیه

اسم

He had no reason to worry.
For some reason, he experienced a very realistic vision.

cause  grounds  ground  basis  rationale
motive

112

in power/ɪn ˈpaʊər/

روی قدرت بر سر کار

عبارت

113

prohibit/proʊˈhɪbət/

منع کردن

فعل

Indeed, the trouble and expense of these moulds sometimes prohibit its use.
At the Cape, in spite of a long endeavour to prohibit the import of the phylloxera, it appeared about 1884.

forbid  ban  bar  interdict  veto

114

aid/eɪd/

کمک مساعدت

اسم

She has no sense for first aid, either.
I took a sleeping aid last night, yes.

assistance  support
help  backing  abettance  encouragement

115

take a life/teɪk ə laɪf/

کسی را به قتل رساندن آدم کشتن

عبارت

116

eliminate/ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt/

از بین بردن حذف کردن، حذف شدن

فعل

His purpose is to eliminate the common idea of divine interference.
First: It is possible to eliminate diseases.

remove  get rid of  abolish  put an end to  do away with

117

racism/ˈreɪˌsɪz.əm/

نژادپرستی

اسم

We have stigmatized racism; and while it unquestionably still exists between many races, racism is becoming less and less relevant.
If you abhor racism, you can make a difference by fighting it.

racial discrimination  racialism  racial bigotry  racial prejudice  xenophobia

118

violation/vaɪəˈleɪʃən/

نقض تجاوز، تخطی

اسم

contravention  breach  infringement  infraction  breaking

119

political/pəˈlɪt̬.ɪ.kəl/

سیاسی

صفت

A man of few words, Gabriel hadn't gotten used to the political side of his job yet.
The conversation did not flag all evening and turned chiefly on the political news.

governmental  government  local government  ministerial  parliamentary

120

on the one hand/ɑn ðə wʌn hænd/

از طرفی از سویی، از نظری

عبارت

121

starvation/stɑːrˈveɪʃn/

گرسنگی

اسم

Many of them fell into the slough of pauperism, and were saved from starvation by public doles.
Hannibal reduced it in 216 by starvation, and destroyed and plundered the town.

extreme hunger  lack of food  famine  want  undernourishment

122

smoking/ˈsmoʊ.kɪŋ/

سیگار کشیدن

اسم

Other things included smoking, using drugs or alcohol.
Lydia Larkin stood, feet apart, in the classic shooting position, both hands clamped on her smoking gun.

smoulder  emit smoke  emit fumes
reek
puff on  draw on  pull on
inhale
light up
take a drag of

123

president/ˈprez.əd.ənt/

رییس‌جمهور

اسم

Hayes, president of the United States from 1877 to 1881.
That's a bold statement, coming from a sitting president and former general.

head of state  chief of state  elected head of a country
head  chief  director

124

elect/ɪˈlɛkt/

انتخاب کردن (از طریق رای گیری) برگزیدن

فعل

They therefore elect elders, who expound the Scriptures, baptize and hear confessions.
24, whom Neander regards as elect disciples of Sergius.

vote  vote for  vote in  choose  choose by ballot

125

bet/bet/

مطمئن بودن (عامیانه)

فعل

Sure, the million dollar offer was withdrawn but I'll bet there are thousands of people out there who would still pay a fortune to own Howie.
I bet he's a virgin!

wager  gamble  stake  risk  venture

126

disgusting/dɪsˈgʌs.tɪŋ/

تنفرآمیز حال‌بهم‌زن، چندش‌آور

صفت

"Well there certainly are disgusting people," thought Rostov as he entered.
"The mob is terrible--disgusting," he said to himself in French.

revolting  repellent  repulsive  sickening  nauseating

127

represent/ˌreprɪˈzent/

بازنمایی کردن نشان دادن، بیان کردن

فعل

He.d last seen his other trusted lieutenant, Iliana, two days ago, when he.d sent her to represent him in North America while he was away.
But these figures do not represent the actual service of every able-bodied Italian.

symbolize  stand for  personify  epitomize  typify

128

force/fɔːrs/

زور قدرت، توان، نیرو

اسم

The sun was trying to force its way through the curtains.
What mysterious force guided the seedling from the dark earth up to the light, through leaf and stem and bud, to glorious fulfilment in the perfect flower?

strength  power  energy  might  potency

129

generation/ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

نسل

اسم

This generation has no idea.
"My father is fifth generation," she mused.

age  age group  peer group  cohort  stage of life
ages

130

back/bæk/

حمایت کردن

فعل

Do you have to go back right away?
It was a long time back, before they were married.

spine  backbone  spinal column  vertebral column
dorsum  rachis
rear

131

state/steɪt/

ایالت استان

اسم

Oh, what a terrible state he is in!
She came tearing upstairs a few minutes ago in a state of great excitement.

condition  shape  situation  circumstances  state of affairs

132

democracy/dɪˈmɒk.rə.si/

دموکراسی حکومت مردمی

اسم

We welcome new members to join in the fight for a liberal democracy.
There is an increasing feeling of democracy in the country.

representative government  elective government  constitutional government  popular government
self-government  government by the people

133

liberal/ˈlɪbərəl/

آزادی‌خواه لیبرال، آزاداندیش، طرفدار حزب لیبرالیسم

اسم

Lori's past was a little too liberal for such a conservative family.
The waitress topped off our pasta dishes with a liberal amount of parmesan cheese.

tolerant  unprejudiced  unbigoted  broad-minded  open-minded

134

discrimination/dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən/

تبعیض فرق‎گذاری

اسم

prejudice  bias  bigotry  intolerance  narrow-mindedness

135

Prime Minister/ˌprɑɪmˈmɪn.ə.stər/

نخست وزیر

اسم

premier, first minister, head of the government
First Lord of the Treasury

136

official/əˈfɪʃ.əl/

مقام رسمی مامور رسمی

اسم

Take this as an official request.
He's the one who made this an official matter for the sheriff's office.

authorized  accredited  approved  validated  authenticated

137

face/feɪs/

مواجه شدن رو به رو شدن

فعل

She made a face at him.
She turned her face away from him.

countenance  physiognomy  profile  features
mug  kisser

138

simply/ˈsɪm.pli/

حقیقتا واقعا

قید

People simply cannot move that fast.
Maybe Katie was simply trying to stay out of trouble.

straightforwardly  directly
clearly  plainly  intelligibly  lucidly

139

constitutional monarchy/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl ˈmɑnɑrki/

پادشاهی مشروطه

اسم

140

policy/ˈpɑl.ə.si/

سیاست خط مشی

اسم

plans  strategy  proposed action  blueprint  approach

141

minority/maɪˈnɔrəti/

اقلیت تعداد کم

اسم

His minority was a time of anarchy.
But how do the poor minority fare?

142

censorship/ˈsɛnsərˌʃɪp/

سانسور تفتیش (عقاید، نوشتار و ...)

اسم

He wrote according to order, and no question of censorship arose.
In the second part of the constitution the pope deals with the censorship of books.

143

monarchy/ˈmɑnɑrki/

پادشاهی سلطنت، کشور پادشاهی

اسم

We are replacing monarchy with self-rule.
In a monarchy, despotic or constitutional, there cannot in strictness be an aristocracy, because the whole political power cannot be vested in the noble Venice class.

kingdom  sovereign state  principality  empire
realm
kingship  sovereignty

144

race/reɪs/

نژاد

اسم

contest  competition
relay  event  fixture  heat

145

corrupt/kəˈrʌpt/

فاسد (از نظر اخلاقی)

صفت

Spilling soda on a disk might corrupt a file.
The mayor was corrupt and stole from the city's budget.

dishonest  dishonourable  unscrupulous  unprincipled  amoral

146

racial/ˈreɪ.ʃəl/

نژادی

صفت

It is wholly due, as such, to racial preparation.
These and other less well marked changes, say some critics, are signs of a racial convulsion not long after 2000 B.C. An old race was conquered by a new, even if, in matters of civilization, the former capta victorem cepit.

ethnic  race-related  ethnological
cultural  national  tribal

147

true/truː/

صحیح درست

صفت

A few months ago she didn't know the true meaning of love.
It was true, she didn't know him.

accurate  correct  verifiable  faithful  literal

148

station/ˈsteɪ.ʃən/

ایستگاه (رادیو و تلویزیون)

اسم

I left the station, not sure what to do next.
The stage came to a halt in front of the station, and people drifted by, satisfying their curiosity about its occupants.

stopping place  stop  halt  station stop  stage
terminus

149

pros and cons/proʊz ænd kɑnz/

جنبه‌های مثبت و منفی نقاط قوت و ضعف

اسم

150

king/kɪŋ/

شاه پادشاه

اسم

My king, I've given you the city, haven't I?
A king is history's slave.

ruler  sovereign  monarch  supreme ruler  crowned head

151

justice/ˈʤʌstəs/

عدالت

اسم

It's only a matter of time until justice is served.
He would understand on whose side justice lies.

fairness  justness  fair play  fair-mindedness  equity

152

party/ˈpɑrt̬.i/

حزب

اسم

So the party was actually for him, not both of them.
According to the invitation, the party will be held in the main entrance near the Christmas tree.

social gathering  gathering  social occasion  social event  social function

153

compulsory/kəmˈpʌlsəri/

اجباری

صفت

Much, however, is effected towards unification, by compulsory military service, it being the principle that no man shall serve within the military district to which he belongs.
Primary education is free and secular, and is compulsory for children of 6 to 14 years.

obligatory  mandatory  required  requisite  necessary

154

following/ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/

بعد (نامبرده در) زیر، بعدی

صفت

He must have been following us.
Kyle said, following her into the kitchen.

body of support  backing  patronage
public  audience  circle

155

advise/ədˈvɑɪz/

توصیه کردن نصیحت کردن

فعل

I couldn't think of a logical way to advise Detective Jackson.
He'll advise you and help you in ways I can't.

counsel  give counsel  give counselling  give guidance  guide

156

queen/kwiːn/

ملکه

اسم

You are the Queen of my heart.
He is private physician to the Queen of Spain.

monarch  sovereign  head of state  ruler  Crown

157

patience/ˈpeɪ.ʃəns/

صبر شکیبایی

اسم

What little patience he had was waning fast.
There was a limit to his patience, and she had crossed it.

forbearance  tolerance  restraint  self-restraint  resignation

158

concerned/kənˈsɜrnd/

نگران

صفت

I was especially concerned that Howie have outside interests.
But aren't you a little concerned about what people will say?

worried  anxious  disturbed  perturbed  troubled

159

justify/ˈʤʌstəˌfaɪ/

توجیه کردن دلیل موجه آوردن

فعل

That didn't justify what I did.
I know there's nothing I can say to justify my actions.

give grounds for  give reasons for  give a justification for  show just cause for  explain

160

inferior/ɪnˈfɪriər/

حقیر پست، دون

صفت

It has inferior guarantees, as compared with our knowledge of the mechanism of nature.
The halakhah was by no means inferior in prestige to the written Law.

lower in status  lesser  second-class  second-fiddle  minor

161

ticket/ˈtɪk.ət/

برگه جریمه

اسم

on the ticket with Warren G.
They approached the ticket counter with 15 minutes to spare.

pass  warrant  authorization  licence  permit
token

162

on the rise/ɑn ðə raɪz/

در حال افزایش رو به رشد

عبارت

163

ethnic/ˈɛθnɪk/

قومی نژادی

صفت

racial  race-related  ethnological  genetic  inherited
cultural

164

nature/ˈneɪ.tʃər/

سیرت سرشت، ذات

اسم

It was in his nature, and it was something that wasn't going to change.
This is your nature, you just don't know it yet.

the natural world  the living world  Mother Nature  creation  the world

165

vote/voʊt/

رای دادن

فعل

I, for one, would vote for peace.
I'm not a citizen of the county, so I can't vote for you.

ballot  poll  election  referendum  plebiscite

166

government/ˈgʌvərmənt/

دولت دولتی

اسم

We have no control over what the government does.
Government is a great achievement of civilization.

administration  executive  regime  authority  powers that be

167

rule/ruːl/

حکمرانی کردن فرمانروایی کردن

فعل

But I didn't make that rule up.
I always make it a rule to speak out.

regulation  ruling  directive  order  court order

168

capital punishment/ˈkæpətəl ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/

مجازات اعدام

اسم

169

frequently/ˈfriː.kwənt.li/

مکررا به‌طور مکرر

قید

Martha and Betsy spoke frequently on the phone.
I went there frequently to observe their habits.

regularly  often  very often  all the time  habitually

170

lean towards/lin təˈwɔrdz/

طرفدار (چیزی یا کسی) بودن ترجیح دادن، (به چیزی) تمایل داشتن

فعل

171

peace/piːs/

آرامش آسودگی، صلح

اسم

I shall not be at peace till you promise me this.
The sense of peace and calm at his core returned as her energy flowed through him.

tranquillity  calm  calmness  restfulness  peace and quiet

172

coincidence/koʊˈɪn.səd.əns/

اتفاق تصادف

اسم

It wasn't a coincidence he was there.
Granted, they are probably random occurrences, but the coincidence bothers me.

accident  chance  serendipity  fate  a twist of fate

173

genocide/ˈdʒenəsaɪd/

نسل کشی

اسم

Before he is even an adult, Ender has committed genocide.
The National Association of Black Social Workers called them a form of cultural genocide.

racial killing  massacre  wholesale slaughter  mass slaughter  wholesale killing

174

measure/ˈmeʒər/

ارزیابی کردن مقایسه کردن

فعل

It took too much effort to look up at the sun to measure time.
"I did it as a defensive measure," Cynthia said.

take the measurements of  calculate  compute  estimate  count

175

on the other hand/ɑn ði ˈʌðər hænd/

از طرف دیگر از سویی دیگر

عبارت

176

smoke/smoʊk/

(سیگار) کشیدن

فعل

Dark memories lingered like smoke after a fire.
She hadn't seen him smoke since.

smoulder  emit smoke  emit fumes
reek
puff on  draw on  pull on
inhale
light up
take a drag of

177

official/əˈfɪʃ.əl/

رسمی

صفت

Take this as an official request.
He's the one who made this an official matter for the sheriff's office.

authorized  accredited  approved  validated  authenticated

178

domination/ˌdɑməˈneɪʃən/

تسلط سلطه، فرمانروایی

اسم

She had been raised to accept the domination of Dad over Mom.
- Greek Domination 25.

rule  government  sovereignty  control  command

179

encourage/ɛnˈkɜrɪʤ/

تشویق کردن ترغیب کردن، انگیزه دادن

فعل

I think you will not encourage him.
It was intended to encourage her, but it was more a distraction.

hearten  cheer  buoy up  uplift  inspire

180

politics/ˈpɑl.əˌtɪks/

سیاست علم سیاست

اسم

The politics are changing slowly.
In politics he was a Democrat.

government  local government  affairs of state  public affairs  diplomacy

181

ruler/ˈruː.lər/

حکمران فرمانروا، رهبر

اسم

He was the chief ruler of that great city.
My daughter is the ruler of the immortal world, her father said.

leader  sovereign  monarch  potentate  crowned head

182

continuum/kənˈtɪnjuəm/

زنجیره سلسله، پیوستار

اسم

On the other hand, many evolutionists ignore the certainty that there must be a continuum in any real evolutionary process.
This continuum was held to render possible conduction in all directions throughout the grey matter of the whole nervous system.

183

constitution/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən/

قانون اساسی

اسم

He contended such a visit was in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution.
In 1872, an entirely new constitution was adopted.

charter  social code  canon  body of law  system of laws

184

poverty/ˈpɑːvərti/

فقر

اسم

Despite their poverty begging is practically unknown.
Bringing an end to poverty, then, will also help bring an end to hunger.

penury  destitution  indigence  pennilessness  privation

185

lack/læk/

کم داشتن نداشتن، کمبود داشتن

فعل

The lack of security is unsettling.
All I lack is a playmate to call my own.

absence  want  need  deficiency  dearth

186

moderate/ˈmɑdərət/

اعتدال گرای (فرد) میانه رو

اسم

Ears of moderate or small size, ovate, pointed.
GALVANIZED IRON, sheet iron having its surface covered with a thin coating of zinc. In spite of the name, galvanic action has often no part in the production of galvanized iron, which is prepared by dipping the iron, properly cleaned and pickled in acid, in a bath of molten zinc. The hotter the zinc the thinner the coating, but as a high temperature of the bath is attended with certain objections, it is a common practice to use a moderate temperature and clear off the excess of zinc by passing the plates between rollers.

average  modest  medium  middling  ordinary

187

anger/ˈæŋ.gər/

خشم

اسم

I took all my frustration and anger out on you.
Dusty echoed, anger burning through him.

annoyance  vexation  exasperation  crossness  irritation

188

proof/pruːf/

مدرک

اسم

But no, it wasn't proof at all.
What she saw today was proof that she needed it close by.

evidence  verification  corroboration  authentication  confirmation

189

terrorism/ˈter.əˌrɪz.əm/

تروریسم ایجاد ترس و وحشت در مردم

اسم

No longer a tyrant of Ezzelinos stamp, he reigned by intelligence and terrorism masked beneath a smile.
The history of the agitation which culminated in the disorderly rising of 1863 is one of intrigue, secret agitation, and in the end of sheer terrorism by a secret society, which organized political assassination.



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