درس 5


ردیف

واژه

معنی

نقش گرامری

1

electrical/eˈlek.trɪ.kəl/

برقی الکتریکی، الکترونیکی

صفت

We're in the middle of an electrical storm.
Covers needed to be put on the electrical outlets and the windows still held their tags.

2

shelter/ˈʃel.t̬ər/

پناهگاه سرپناه

اسم

The kid needed shelter and warmth.
Hopefully it would offer some kind of shelter from the threatening storm.

protection  shield  cover  a roof  screen

3

area/ˈer.iː.ə/

منطقه ناحیه

اسم

No more so than the area round the house.
This area is so full of wildlife.

district  region  zone  sector  quarter
locality

4

scale/skeɪl/

مقیاس میزان، معیار

اسم

A geological map of the whole continent, on the scale of 50 m.
Life existed at a scale smaller than the eye could see.

plate
lamella  lamina  squama  scute  scutum
flake
scurf

5

great/greɪt/

[پیشوند نشان‌دهنده دور بودن رابطه خویشاوندی]

صفت

You're doing a great job.
It's great and I love it.

considerable  substantial  pronounced  sizeable  significant

6

interruption/ˌɪn.t̬əˈrʌp.ʃən/

وقفه خلال

اسم

There is no seasonal interruption in vegetation.
Her only interruption was when Dean described the bones Fitzgerald had allegedly located.

cutting in  interference  intervention  intrusion  obtrusion

7

coast/koʊst/

ساحل کناره

اسم

I'm headed to the coast this weekend.
It says it's an island off the coast of Ireland.

seaboard  coastal region  coastline  seashore  shore

8

tornado/tɔːrˈneɪd.oʊ/

گردباد

اسم

They've issued a tornado warning for this area.
I heard a tornado never strikes twice in the same spot.

whirlwind  windstorm  cyclone  typhoon  tropical cyclone

9

countless/ˈkaʊntləs/

بی شمار بسیار زیاد

صفت

He had twenty assassins to rescue and countless souls waiting to be claimed.
I ruled Death's domain for countless millennia.

innumerable  untold  legion  numberless  unnumbered

10

prepare/prɪˈper/

آماده شدن

فعل

We have two days to prepare ourselves.
Agreed. Jake, prepare yourself.

make ready  get ready  put together  draw up  produce

11

gigantic/ʤaɪˈgæntɪk/

عظیم غول آسا، بسیار بزرگ

صفت

From the latter there grew a gigantic gourd.
A series of disasters frustrated the gigantic scheme.

huge  enormous  vast  extensive  expansive

12

first aid kit/fɜrst eɪd kɪt/

جعبه کمک های اولیه

اسم

13

range/reɪnʤ/

متغیر بودن دامنه داشتن، گستره داشتن

فعل

Get yourself to the range and learn to shoot.
The trio was out of camera range a few steps later.

span  scope  compass  radius  scale

14

scissors/ˈsɪz.ərz/

قیچی

اسم

She used scissors to cut off his shirt.
The fractured edge of the bowl is heated, trimmed with scissors and melted so as to be perfectly smooth and even, and the bowl itself receives its final form from the sugar-tongs tool.

15

shortage/ˈʃɔrtəʤ/

کمبود

اسم

There was no shortage of rocks on the mountain.
There was shortage in equipment of every kind.

scarcity  sparseness  sparsity  dearth  paucity

16

goodness!/ˈgʊdnəs!/

خدای من!

حرف ندا

virtue  virtuousness  good  righteousness  morality

17

dried/draɪd/

خشک خشک کرده

صفت

He dried his hands with the towel.
It can also be determined as sulphide, by precipitation with sulphuretted hydrogen, the precipitated sulphide being dried at Ioo° C. and weighed.

dehydrated, desiccated, dry, dried up, moistureless

18

tsunami/tsuːˈnɑːmi/

سونامی آب‎لرزه

اسم

We moved to adjacent land with a higher elevation in case there was a tsunami after the earthquake.
Paul McCartney - Sir Paul donated a whopping $1.9 million to the southeast Asian 2004 tsunami relief efforts.

19

bandage/ˈbæn.dɪdʒ/

نوار زخم‌بندی بانداژ

اسم

She'd tried to change the bandage on her own.
Should we bandage it?

dressing  covering  gauze  lint  compress

20

delay/dɪˈleɪ/

تاخیر

اسم

The delay ended up being four hours.
A'Ran approached her then, knowing his journey in the morning would delay the conversation they needed to have.

detain  hold up  make late  retard  keep

21

blizzard/ˈblɪzərd/

کولاک بوران (برف و باد شدید)، توفان شدید

اسم

Hundreds of printed reports covered our premises like a winter blizzard making us look as busy as a toy store at Christmas.
The white sand blowing around looked like a Texas blizzard.

snowstorm, snow blast, snow squall
white-out

22

evacuation/ɪˌvækjuˈeɪʃn/

تخلیه

اسم

I just issued the evacuation order for those remaining.
The evacuation of Crete by the four protecting powers was followed in 1909 by renewed agitation.

removal  clearance  shifting  expulsion  eviction

23

enormous/ɪˈnɔrməs/

عظیم خیلی بزرگ

صفت

The earth has an enormous molten core that contains vast amounts of energy.
Distributed computing makes enormous computational problems affordable to solve.

huge  vast  extensive  expansive  broad

24

flashlight/ˈflæʃ.lɑɪt/

چراغ قوه

اسم

She found her flashlight and ran to the front door.
She raised the flashlight, her attention caught by the dark stain on his white shirt.

25

factor/ˈfæk.tər/

عامل

اسم

The other factor was that he was doing what he had always dreamed of doing.
Another factor was caffeine.

element  part  component  ingredient  strand

26

resistant/rɪˈzɪstənt/

مقاوم

صفت

impervious to  proof against  unaffected by  repellent of
unsusceptible to  immune to

27

mild/mɑɪld/

ملایم معتدل

صفت

The day was sunny and mild – a perfect day for riding.
Gerald eyed him with mild amusement.

lenient  clement  light
compassionate  pitying  forgiving

28

hurricane/ˈhɝː.ɪ.keɪn/

توفند تندباد دریایی

اسم

Oh, and the tropical storm will become a hurricane late Saturday night.
He'd managed to miss the hurricane, though the waters were still rough and the waves high.

cyclone  typhoon  tornado  storm  tropical storm

29

flood/flʌd/

سیل

اسم

Carmen felt warmth flood her face.
She neared him, sensing a flood of raw emotion she didn't understand.

inundation  swamping  deluge
torrent  overflow  flash flood

30

rate/reɪt/

نرخ میزان

اسم

At any rate, it was none of her business.
They said his pulse rate has increased over night, which might mean he is trying to wake up.

percentage  ratio  proportion  scale  standard
charge

31

operate/ˈɑp.əˌreɪt/

کار کردن (با دستگاه)

فعل

I hope you will find him sympathetic and ready to co- operate in promoting all that is reasonable.
It did not operate as a rule beyond the limits of race.

work  make go  run  set off  use

32

hit/hɪt/

تحت تاثیر قرار دادن (در مفهوم منفی) تحت تاثیر قرار گرفتن

فعل

A train hit their car.
You hit the nail again.

strike  slap  smack  cuff  punch

33

located/ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd/

(در جایی) واقع شده قرار داشتن (در جایی)

صفت

All of them were located in the middle of a sea.
With a little effort she located a canteen.

find  discover  pinpoint  detect  track down

34

lessen/ˈlɛsən/

کاهش دادن کمتر کردن

فعل

It can lessen its enforcement of private property rights.
In spite of his political reforms, he opposed the admission of the plebeians to the consulship and priestly offices; and, although these reforms might appear to be democratic in character and calculated to give preponderance to the lowest class of the people, his probable aim was to strengthen the power of the magistrates (and lessen that of the senate) by founding it on the popular will, which would find its expression in the urban inhabitants and could be most easily influenced by the magistrate.

reduce  make less  minimize  make smaller  decrease
allay

35

typhoon/taɪˈfuːn/

گردباد توفان

اسم

The typhoon warnings sent out from the Manila observatory annually save heavy loss of life and property.
In the famous typhoon of the 10th of October 1882, the vortex of which passed over Manila, an immense amount of damage was done in the city.

cyclone  tropical storm  storm  tornado  hurricane

36

occurrence/əˈkɜːrəns/

پیشامد رویداد، واقعه

اسم

"A most unusual occurrence for the season, Madam," Fred replied.
The element is of extremely rare occurrence, being met with only in argyrodite and, to a very small extent, in euxenite.

event  incident  happening  phenomenon  affair

37

moderate/ˈmɑdərət/

معمولی متعادل، متوسط

صفت

Ears of moderate or small size, ovate, pointed.
GALVANIZED IRON, sheet iron having its surface covered with a thin coating of zinc. In spite of the name, galvanic action has often no part in the production of galvanized iron, which is prepared by dipping the iron, properly cleaned and pickled in acid, in a bath of molten zinc. The hotter the zinc the thinner the coating, but as a high temperature of the bath is attended with certain objections, it is a common practice to use a moderate temperature and clear off the excess of zinc by passing the plates between rollers.

average  modest  medium  middling  ordinary

38

horrendous/həˈrendəs/

هولناک وحشتناک

صفت

A hollow tearing sound was followed by a horrendous crash outside the kitchen window.
The conditions were horrendous, and dysentery killed many soldiers.

horrible  dreadful  horrifying  horrific  frightful

39

perishable/ˈpɛrɪʃəbəl/

فاسد شدنی (خوراک و ...) خراب شدنی

صفت

The sap-wood is more perishable,, but it is useful for fences, casks and a variety of other purposes;.
The texts of the older authors which have come down to us were written for the most part not on stone but on papyrus, parchment or other perishable material.

liable to rot  easily spoilt  decomposable  biodegradable
putrescible  decayable

40

center/ˈsen.t̬ər/

مرکز وسط

اسم

His vamps scampered out of the command center to obey.
How did the call center respond to the flood of interest?

middle  nucleus  heart  core  hub

41

northwestern/ˌnɔrˈθwɛstərn/

شمال غربی

صفت

Throughout the northwestern region uniformity of features characterizes the scenery, betokening even at a distance the general monotony of structure.
Manufacturing is largely localized in the northwestern part of the state along the Ohio river.

42

magnitude/ˈmægnəˌtud/

بزرگی اندازه، وسعت، میزان

اسم

If the magnitude and increasing complexity of these creations fails to impress you, the sheer quantity should suffice.
The magnitude of that what-if scenario was downright scary.

immensity  vastness  hugeness  enormity  enormousness

43

indoors/ˌɪnˈdɔrːz/

داخل (ساختمان)

قید

inside, in, within
in one's home, at home, under the roof

44

casualty/ˈkæʒəwəlti/

کشته زخمی، تلفات (جمع)

اسم

Civility is the second casualty of political debate.
The casualty list shows the nature of the fighting.

victim  fatality  mortality
loss  MIA
dead and injured  dead and wounded

45

supply/səˈplaɪ/

منبع ذخیره

اسم

Jackson stopped by the art supply store on the way home to purchase supplies for Elisabeth.
"Supply and demand," Dean answered.

give  contribute  provide  furnish  donate

46

economic/ˌiː.kəˈnɑm.ɪk/

اقتصادی

صفت

They have no economic advantage in going to war.
But three years later a new economic development began.

financial  monetary  pecuniary  budgetary  fiscal

47

outdoors/ɑʊtˈdɔːrz/

(در) بیرون

قید

How about getting outdoors this afternoon?
Somewhere in the cold outdoors, a wolf howled.

48

strike/strɑɪk/

برخورد کردن اصابت کردن، در نوردیدن

فعل

He heard the clock strike ten.
He saw his sister drop after the strike of a sword.

hit  slap  smack  beat  thrash

49

landslide/ˈlændˌslaɪd/

ریزش کوه رانش زمین، زمین‌لغزش

اسم

An overwhelming 70 percent gave the contestants a landslide victory.
We have just suffered our second successive landslide election defeat.

landslip  rockfall  mudslide  earthslip  earthfall
avalanche
decisive victory

50

otherwise/ˈʌð.ərˌwɑɪz/

وگرنه در غیر این صورت

قید

The shopping trip was exciting because it was so close to Christmas, but otherwise uneventful.
The accent says otherwise, but I was born in New York.

or else  or  if not
in other respects  in other ways  apart from that
differently

51

severe/səˈvɪr/

شدید طاقت فرسا، سرسخت

صفت

On such matters I am only severe with myself.
A small, older woman in severe grey opened the door.

acute  very bad  serious  grave  critical

52

drought/draʊt/

خشکسالی

اسم

Heat and drought had continued for more than three weeks.
The drought is severe; rain falls rarely and in small quantities.

dry spell, dry period, lack of rain, shortage of water
drouth

53

construction/kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/

سازه ساختمان

اسم

He explained the construction of the room and its purposes.
Shall we forever resign the pleasure of construction to the carpenter?

building  erection  putting up  setting up  raising

54

sake/ˈsɑːki/

(به) خاطر کسی

اسم

"For her sake, I hope so," Brady said.
I need your help for the sake of humanity.

cause  purpose  reason  aim  end

55

deadly/ˈded.li/

مهلک کشنده

صفت

A rifle cracked, piercing the silence with deadly import.
Why so seeming fast, but deadly slow?

fatal  lethal  mortal  death-dealing  life-threatening
dangerous

56

record/rɪˈkɔːrd/

ثبت کردن یادداشت کردن

فعل

Well, you haven't broken your record with me.
There's no record of this.

account  accounts  document  documents  documentation

57

capital/ˈkæp.ət̬.əl/

پایتخت

اسم

The capital was the center of the commercial activities.
We've left the capital city for the other side of the planet.

first city  most important city  seat of government  centre of administration
metropolis
money  finance

58

storm/stɔːrm/

توفان

اسم

The storm continued most of the night.
The still air became more charged the closer they got to the center of the storm, the sky darker.

tempest  squall
gale  hurricane  tornado  cyclone

59

epidemic/ˌɛpəˈdɛmɪk/

شیوع همه‌گیری (بیماری، رفتار)، بیماری همه‌گیر

اسم

In 1888 there was an epidemic of yellow fever.
In 1903 the city was devastated by an epidemic of plague.

outbreak  plague  scourge  infestation
widespread disease  widespread illness
pandemic

60

timing/ˈtɑɪ.mɪŋ/

زمان‌بندی

اسم

"Great timing," he said as she stepped inside the barn.
"The timing is bad," Sasha said with a glance.

hour
o'clock
moment  point  point in time  occasion  hour

61

non-perishable/nɑn-ˈpɛrɪʃəbəl/

فاسد نشدنی خراب نشدنی

صفت

Some online grocers will leave non-perishable items on your doorstep, but this is risky.
Many people think food gift baskets can only contain non-perishable items.

liable to rot  easily spoilt  decomposable  biodegradable
putrescible  decayable

62

catastrophic/ˌkætəˈstrɑfɪk/

فجیع فاجعه‌آمیز

صفت

I hope I never have to experience a catastrophic disaster.
The catastrophic hurricane caused many people to flee inland.

disastrous  calamitous  cataclysmic  ruinous  tragic

63

snowfall/ˈsnoʊfɔːl/

بارش برف

اسم

Morning dawned on about three inches of snowfall and it was still coming down.
The average annual snowfall for the state is about 5 in., ranging from 19 in.

64

take place/teɪk pleɪs/

برگزار شدن رخ دادن، صورت گرفتن

فعل

happen  occur  come about  transpire  crop up

65

candle/ˈkæn.dəl/

شمع

اسم

At Mira is a large candle factory.
She put the last candle in the cake and glanced up at her mother's startled face.

taper  sconce
tallow candle  wax candle  Christmas candle  votary candle

66

coastline/ˈkoʊst.lɑɪn/

خط ساحلی ساحل

اسم

The coastline is only 32 m.
The familiar path down the coastline passed the Cliffs of Moher and continued for a short distance.

67

tremendous/trɪˈmen.dəs/

عظیم بسیار زیاد

صفت

Thank you, I think that would be a tremendous help.
It will be a tremendous banquet.

very great  huge  enormous  immense  colossal

68

toll/toʊl/

تلفات مرگ و میر

اسم

The dispositions drawn up by Toll were very good.
The toll or message rates are £3, with id.

charge  fee  payment  levy  tariff

69

influenza/ˌɪnfluˈɛnzə/

آنفلوآنزا

اسم

Those of the plains find the temperature chilly, and are stricken down with influenza and pains in the limbs.
An event which caused a deep impression on the public mind was the epidemic of influenza in the autumn of 1918.

70

refrigeration/rɪˌfrɪʤəˈreɪʃən/

سردسازی نگهداری در یخچال

اسم

A gradual refrigeration proceeded through the Pliocene period.
To produce refrigeration the operation is reversed.

71

destruction/dɪˈstrʌk.ʃən/

تخریب نابودی

اسم

The destruction continued for miles without end, as far as she could see.
His whole life on the brink of destruction if it were recognized what he was doing.

demolition  knocking down  pulling down  tearing down  levelling

72

due to/du tu/

به دلیل به موجب

حرف اضافه

attributable to  caused by  ascribed to  ascribable to  assignable to

73

closure/ˈkloʊʒər/

(عمل) بستن بسته شدن، تعطیلی، انسداد

اسم

B, Stage after closure of blastopore.
The method of this dorsal closure varies in different insects.

closing down  shutting down  shutdown  winding up
termination  discontinuation

74

canned/kænd/

کنسرو شده کنسروی

صفت

They had some canned peaches left.
Not that canned fruits and vegetables weren't good, but they had all that sugar and salt added.

tin, canister
jerrycan, oilcan
container, receptacle, vessel

75

strength/streŋθ/

قدرت توانایی

اسم

She'd need her strength for what she planned.
When I think back, it's difficult to believe I found the strength to do so.

power  brawn  brawniness  muscle  muscularity

76

in contrast/ɪn ˈkɑntræst/

در مقابل در عوض

عبارت

77

destroy/dəˈstrɔɪ/

نابود کردن

فعل

Rhyn wanted to destroy the letter.
She said we have to destroy it, too.

demolish  knock down  pull down  tear down  level

78

famine/ˈfæmən/

قحطی خشکسالی

اسم

The prevalent famine and distress are due to Yahweh's indignation at such remissness.
There was a great famine in Rome.

scarcity of food  food shortages
deprivation  want
shortage  scarcity  lack

79

estimated/ˈes.təˌmeɪ.t̬ɪd/

تخمینی

صفت

roughly calculate  approximate  make an estimate of  guess  evaluate

80

dangerous/ˈdeɪn.dʒə.rəs/

خطرناک

صفت

You're treading on dangerous ground.
If it was so dangerous out there in the woods, why did Giddon feel so safe?

menacing  threatening  treacherous
savage  wild  vicious

81

outage/ˈaʊtɪdʒ/

قطع (برق)

اسم

If you live in an area that is prone to severe weather during the winter months, you know just how important it is to be prepared to stay warm in the event of a power outage.
Some CPAP users feel anxiety about what might happen during a power outage, and others may feel that using the machine means they can no longer go camping or take vacations.

82

dry/drɑɪ/

خشک کردن

فعل

Her mouth felt dry and her knees weak.
The air was dry and hot, as if she were in a sauna.

arid  parched  scorched  baked  burned

83

earthquake/ˈɜrθ.kweɪk/

زلزله زمین‌لرزه

اسم

The city was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake in 1766, and again in 1797.
The earthquake grew more intense.

earth tremor  tremor  convulsion  shock  foreshock

84

high/hɑɪ/

زیاد بالا

صفت

Her instincts on high alarm, she met Xander's gaze.
I need it when I get in the high country.

tall  lofty  towering  soaring  elevated

85

situation/ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/

وضعیت موقعیت

اسم

I don't know how I got into this situation in the first place.
I'm in a precarious situation here.

circumstances  set of circumstances  state of affairs  affairs  state

86

natural disaster/ˈnæʧərəl dɪˈzæstər/

بلای طبیعی

اسم

87

snowstorm/ˈsnoʊ.stɔːrm/

کولاک طوفان برف

اسم

The middle of a snowstorm was no time to give birth.
A rare late October snowstorm only visited a half day and the snow didn't stay on the ground long, but it made a serious statement.

88

power/ˈpɑʊ.ər/

انرژی نیرو، برق، توان

اسم

His phone was destroyed and his power drained.
Quinn handles the power and Howie is our focus.

ability  capacity  capability  potential  potentiality

89

evacuate/ɪˈvækjueɪt/

تخلیه کردن

فعل

I'll evacuate you as soon as it's safe.
We can't evacuate you, but we can hide in the hills.

remove  clear  move out  shift  take away

90

flow/floʊ/

جریان

اسم

Quint felt the warmth flow into his face.
Tears continued to flow as her attention shifted back to Matthew.

run  move  go along  course  pass

91

convey/kənˈveɪ/

منتقل کردن رساندن، فهماندن، بیان کردن

فعل

I'll convey your message.
He didn't convey his conclusions to us.

transport  carry  bring  take  fetch

92

regional/ˈriː.dʒən.əl/

منطقه‌ای ناحیه‌ای

صفت

The regional differences of temperature at like depths become less as the depth increases.
It is, then, only in a limited sense that we can see a local canon law in the councils of the various regional 1 Omnium concilii Vaticani.

geographical  topographical  zonal  territorial  topical
by region

93

measure/ˈmeʒər/

اندازه‌گیری کردن اندازه گرفتن

فعل

It took too much effort to look up at the sun to measure time.
"I did it as a defensive measure," Cynthia said.

take the measurements of  calculate  compute  estimate  count



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